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After the Second World War, the competition with a quite strong US American aviation industry forced the European governments from Britain, Germany, France and later Spain, to collaborate with each other. Founding Airbus Industries in the mid 1960s resulted in the first major joint European aircraft, the first twin engine aircraft A300. This was followed by a more sophisticated project, the Concord. Now the creation of the EADS, as a head organization, integrates a number of former national aviation companies. Innovations like the fly by wire, a common cockpit design or the application of twin engines were products out of an intensive European wide research co-operation, which is done at different levels. While universities mainly carry out basic research, national research organisations (DLR, ONERA, NLR, FLV, CIRA) operate research facilities and help the industry with product related research. This represents a work share in industrial programs. While for example Germany concentrates on the improvement of high-lift devices, trans-national research is done in facilities like the German-Dutch Wind Tunnel (DNW) or the European Cryonic Wind Tunnel (ETW) as a community project between France, Britain, The Netherlands and Germany. Due to national programs, universities are also able to be involved in some of these projects.
During the last decades, the requirements in aircraft design became more and more influenced by passenger demands like range, time (speed), comfort and costs. In order to realise these features and to fulfil the demands requested by the airlines and government organizations, additional aspects like safety, reliability, profitability and environmental issues have to be taken into account.
In order to provide the forthcoming of developments in aviation, intensive research is done. Aerodynamicists are concentrating on high-lift devices such as flaps and active boundary layer control to increase lift, reduce drag and delay separation. They also focus on a minimization of wing tip vortices or they simulate high Reynolds number (ETW). New materials (GLARE, fibres, new alloys) enable new structures and more stability, but also more complex wing and body shapes which are necessary in order to realize recent aerodynamic cognitions. New engines and engine components (geared fans, heat exchanger) make it possible to achieve longer ranges with less fuel consumption.
A combination of recent developments is realized in the latest European project, the A380, which successfully made its first flight in April 2005. A new fuselage and wing design as well as new materials (GLARE), new engines, a sophisticated control and hydraulic system makes thus the A380 the world's innovative and also largest aircraft.
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